Akhmet Baitursynuly (1872-1937) was a Kazakh nationalist at the turn of the century and was highly influential to Kazakh culture both creatively and politically. He was not only one of the members of the Kazakh nationalist group Alash Orda, a provisional government seeking autonomy for the Kazakh people following the Bolshevik revolution (1917), but he also adapted the Arabic script to be used with the Kazakh language, adding new characters for Kazakh letters to a script still used today in parts of China, Afghanistan, and Iran. After being sent to a gulag and executed in 1937, his work in politics, education, poetry, and linguistics were mostly forgotten. However, near the end of the Soviet Union, his memory was rehabilitated and he is now appreciated as one of the intellectual forefathers of modern Kazakhstan.

In 1911, he published his most well-known collection of poems titled Masa, or “Mosquito.” In it, he rallies for the Kazakh people to embrace education and create a future of their own choosing, not one handed to them by Russian imperialists. “A Writer’s Joy,” the second poem published in Masa, shows Baitursynuly’s hopefulness for future readers at a time when literacy among Kazakhs was roughly 5%. This hopefulness is even more clear in “To Pull” as he calls out to the sons and daughters of Kazakhstan to walk a new path as a nation. In a more personal note, “To the Enemy: Words of the Fall ” exemplifies Baitursynuly’s interest in Biblical allegory as he warns against the dangers of ignorance and laziness. These pieces not only represent Baitusynuly’s range as a poet interested in establishing national poetry, but also his sense of urgency for his people at a pivotal time in Kazakh history.